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MacDOS™ 2.0.0
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User's Guide
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02 The Environment
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2 The Environment
The Macintosh Finder allows you to perform a series of
operations by clicking and dragging icons and windows with
your mouse, while MacDOS expects you to type commands on
the keyboard.
MacDOS does not normally display a cursor changing from a
clock to an arrow to tell you when an operation has been
completed. Instead, whenever MacDOS completes the execution
of a command and is ready to accept the next one, it
displays a prompting string at the beginning of the bottom
line of the screen. That line is called Command Line. With
commands affecting several files and folders at a time,
MacDOS also displays the name of each item before it begins
operating on it.
A command is like an order in English: a verb in the
imperative form, possibly followed by one or more objects
and some qualifiers. Commands are usually case insensitive.
The verb is called Command Name, the objects Parameters,
and the qualifiers Switches or Options.
After completing the typing of the command, you direct
MacDOS to start its execution by pressing the RETURN key.
Command Name
The command name must be the first word of the command and
is never case sensitive. Also, command names provided by
MacDOS never contain spaces or other special characters.
Parameters
Most commands need one or more parameters to identify the
objects they are requested to operate on. An example of
commands which do not require any additional information is
CLS, used to clear the MacDOS window.
Many commands accept different numbers of parameters and
automatically "fill in" the missing parameters with default
values. For example, the command DIR displays lists of
files in the MacDOS window and expects one parameter which
identifies the files to be listed. Nevertheless, you can
just type DIR without parameters to list the contents of
the current folder.
Parameters are sometimes case sensitive. For example, when
you rename a file you have to type the new name exactly as
you want it, with upper and lower case characters.
The order of parameters is almost always fixed. For
example, if you want to rename a file, you have to type the
old name first and the new name second. A case in which the
order is not important is when you copy several files with
a single COPY command. In that case, you type the filenames
one after the other separated by commata. MacDOS will copy
the files in the order in which you specify them, but this
should usually have no practical consequences.
Switches
Switches always start with a slash (the character '/').
This is how MacDOS distinguishes them from parameters. The
slash is always followed by a character which identifies
the particular switch, and possibly other characters which
select different ways of operation. For example, you obtain
a sorted list of files by adding the switch /O to the
command DIR. You can also specify ways of sorting by adding
other characters to the switch: DIR/ODS displays a list of
files sorted on the basis of their last upDate and Size
(update first), while DIR/OSD lists the same files but
giving priority to their size rather than the date and time
of last update.
As switches are always used to request optional features,
they are never mandatory. Nevertheless, very often you will
need to use one or more switches. For example, to avoid
that a long list of files disappears off the top of the
MacDOS window, you can type DIR/P instead of simply DIR.
As with parameters, switches are seldom case sensitive. One
case sensitive switch is /T, used to select a file-type.
The 'T' of the switch can be in lower or upper case, but
the file type must be correct: /t=TEXT is different from
/t=TeXT because the two types 'TEXT' and 'TeXT' are seen as
different by the Mac Operating System.
The order and position of switches within a command are in
most cases irrelevant. In fact, MacDOS extracts and
analyses all the switches before looking at the parameters.
One switch accepted by all commands is /?. When you type
this switch in any position, MacDOS ignores all other
parameters and switches and displays a brief description of
the command.
Redirection and Piping
Most commands produce some output messages, either because
that is their purpose, or because they provide information
on their progress. For example, the purpose of the command
DIR is precisely to produce a list of filenames. On the
other hand, the COPY command lists the names of the files
being copied.
By default, MacDOS displays these messages in the MacDOS
window but you can decide to re-direct them to a text file.
To do so, you must add to the command a "greater than"
character followed by the name of the text file. For
example, DIR>MyFile lists the contents of the current
folder in the text file MyFile rather than on the screen.
When you redirect the output, MacDOS produces files which
can be directly opened with any text editor or word
processor.
Note that error and warning messages are never redirected
to files. MacDOS always displays them on the screen. Also,
if you attempt to redirect the output of commands which
have nothing to redirect, MacDOS displays a warning
message, ignores the redirection, and executes the command
as if you had not attempted a redirection.
You can append the output of a command to an existing file,
rather than create a new one, by typing two "greater than"
signs instead of one (eg. DIR>>MyFile).
The commands which accept output redirection are:
ALARM, CALL, CD, CHDIR, CLOSE, CONFIRM, COPY, DATE, DIR,
EJECT, EXIT, HELP, LOG, MD, MKDIR, MEM, MORE, NEXT,
ONERROR, OPEN, PATH, PRINT, PROMPT, READ, RD, REM, REN,
RENAME, RESTART, RMDIR, SERIAL, SHOW, SHUTDOWN, SUBSTVOL,
TIME, TREE, TYPE, VER, VERIFY, VOL, WRITE, XCOPY .
Some of these commands do not actually produce any output.
Therefore, their acceptance of output redirection is simply
an indication that they will not report a warning message
if you do attempt to redirect their output.
Beside redirecting the output produced by a command, you
can also redirect the input from which the command MORE
accepts data. You do this by appending to the command line
a "less than" character followed by the name of the text
file containing the data. This is useful in order to break
down long displays into pages. For example, MORE<MyFile
displays the text file MyFile one page at a time and
prompts you to continue or interrupt the display at the end
of each page.
Input redirection is also possible with MacDOS extensions
(ie. MacDOS filter applications). Please refer to the
appropriate section for the details.
Instead of redirecting the output of a command to a file
and then use that file as input to MORE or to a filter
application, you can combine the two commands and achieve
the same result in a more efficient way. This mechanism is
called piping. You just need to type the commands one after
the other separated by a vertical bar (the character '|',
called pipe). For example, if the on-line help displayed by
the command COPY/? is too long to be contained in the
MacDOS window, you can type COPY/?|MORE and MacDOS will
wait for you at the end of each page.
Pipes are only relevant for:
• Internal commands which allow output redirection.
• The command MORE (ie. the only internal command which
accepts input redirection).
• MacDOS filter applications.
The command FOR is a special case, because it passes its
output or input redirection to the command which follows
the DO keyword. Therefore, although FOR itself does not
accept redirection, a command line beginning with FOR can
contain I/O redirection. Only single-line FORs accept I/O
redirection. Moreover, input redirection and piping is only
possible in conjuction with MORE .
What follows is a complete list of the rules that govern
redirection and piping in the MacDOS environment. In order
to fully understand all its details, you will probably need
to come back to this list after reading some other sections
of this User's Guide.
• In a single command, you can only redirect input and
output once, and their order is irrelevant. If the line
includes pipes, the input redirection applies to the
first command and the output redirection to the last
one, regardless of where the redirections actually
appear within the line.
• MacDOS displays a warning message whenever the user
applies input or output redirection to a command that
does not support it.
• Most internal commands accept output redirection to
file, but only MORE accepts input redirection. Single-
line FORs accept input redirection when their DO is
followed by MORE, in which case the redirection is
considered to be referring to the MORE rather than to
the FOR itself. Single-line FORs accept output
redirection, but multi-line FORs don't.
• Batch programs accept output redirection to file but not
input redirection.
• Applications and AppleScripts do not accept any I/O
redirection.
• MacDOS extensions accept both input and output
redirections. Therefore, a chain of filters can obtain
its input from a disk file rather than from a command.
• MORE can only appear at the end of a command line (this
includes the case in which there is nothing else and
MORE is on its own).
• A command line containing pipes can only begin with an
internal command which supports output redirection (but
excluding MORE), or with a filter. If it begins with a
filter, the command line must include input redirection.
• The command FOR only supports a pipe in the following
case:
FOR %var [/L] IN (set) DO internal-com-with-params |
MORE
That is, in the single-line format and with a single
pipe used for MORE.
Errors and Warnings
MacDOS distinguishes between serious conditions which cause
a command to be rejected or aborted (errors) and others
which should not occur but can be tolerated (warnings).
In any case, MacDOS displays a message to inform you that
an abnormal condition has been detected.
Most errors are due to the presence in a command of invalid
parameters and switches, or the request to operate on
something that does not exist.
Warnings are usually caused by the attempt of redirecting
I/O of a command which does not support redirection. You
also get a warning when you attempt to use a DOS switch
which is not supported by MacDOS.
MacDOS normally reports errors and warnings by displaying a
short message. You can use the ALARM ON command to have all
error and warning conditions reported via an alert dialog
box. MacDOS then pauses whenever it detects a problem and
provides in the alert box some information which is not
normally displayed.
Refer to Appendix A for an indication of the possible
causes of error and warning messages and some advice on
possible remedies.
Menus and Window
The MacDOS window accepts commands and provides space for
displaying command outputs. This is why throughout this
manual it is also referred to as the console window. You
can change the character size of the console window through
the system variable FONTSIZE.
MacDOS supports the standard mouse operations to work with
text: cut, copy, paste, and clear. You can select text with
the mouse and then select the appropriate item of the Edit
menu or type the keyboard shortcut to perform the operation
you need.
This frees you from having to type long file and folder
names, as you can copy names from a directory list and
paste them into the command line. To make such an operation
easier, MacDOS selects a whole quoted string (quote
characters included) when you double click between a pair
of matching quotes.
Note that you cannot paste carriage return characters into
the command line, because MacDOS interprets a carriage
return as an order to execute a command.
Typed characters are only accepted within the command line.
If the selection is entirely outside the command line, the
insertion point is moved to the end of the command line
before showing the character typed. If, on the other hand,
a selection covers part of a command, the selection is
reduced to that part before replacing it with the character
typed (ie. the left edge of the selection is moved to the
first character of the command line).
Only the command line can be altered. Therefore, outside of
the command line:
• "Cut Text" behaves like "Copy Text".
• "Paste Text" moves to the end of the command line before
pasting, effectively attaching the content of the
clipboard to the end of the command.
• "Clear Text" has no effect.
If the selection includes a part of the command line, "Copy
Text", "Paste Text", and "Clear Text" behave as if the
selection only consisted of the part which is within the
command line. That is, only the part of selection which is
within the command line is cut, replaced, or cleared.
Up and down arrows scroll through the previous and
following commands. This possibility is particularly
useful when you mistype a character of a long command,
because you can "recall" the command by typing an up-arrow.
You can then correct the mistake instead of having to
retype the whole lot.
Left and right arrows extend selections when they are
shifted and move to the beginning and the end of the
command line when they are pressed together with the option
key.
MacDOS also responds to the "Select cmd line" item of the
Edit menu by highlighting and selecting whatever you have
already typed after the current prompt. Similarly, "Select
All" highlights the contents of the whole console window.
The two items "Previous Cmd" and "Next Cmd" of the Edit
menu (and their corresponding shortcuts cmd-dash and cmd-
equal) behave like the up and down arrows.
The console window accepts vertical scrolling and resizing
via the standard vertical sidebar and boxes. The buffer is
guaranteed to store at least the last 24000 characters
typed or displayed.
You can clear the console window with the command CLS
(which stands for CLear Screen).
To print the contents of the console window, select the
"Print console..." item of the File menu or simply type the
command PRINT . You can also set the format of the printed
page by clicking on the item "Page Setup..." of the File
menu.
To close the console window and terminate MacDOS, you can:
• Click on the "go away" box in the top left corner of the
window.
• Select either the Close or Quit item of the File menu.
• Type cmd-Q.
• Type the command EXIT .
If you do not remember how to display MacDOS on-line help,
select the "Help..." item of the apple menu. It will tell
you how to use the command HELP .
If some colleagues or friends would like to try MacDOS, you
can create a demo version of MacDOS by selecting the "Make
DEMO..." item of the File menu. MacDOS will then duplicate
the MacDOS application file and disable the appropriate
functionality.
Control Codes
You can abort the execution of most commands by typing cntl-
C or cmd-dot. MacDOS achieves this by monitoring the
keyboard at times when the current command can be safely
interrupted.
Two additional control codes are available: cntl-S and cntl-
Q. They pause and resume long listings on the monitor
screen. For example, instead of using the command MORE to
list a text file one page at a time, you might choose to
use the command TYPE and press cntl-S when you spot
something which you want to read. You can then type cntl-Q
to resume the listing or cntl-C to abort it.
Tabbing
You can use the TAB key to speed up the typing of long file
and folder names and the shift-TAB key combination to enter
frequently used strings.
TAB
When you press the TAB key, MacDOS interprets the preceding
characters as a part of a file or folder name (with or
without path) and attempts to complete it. To determine
what portion of the command line to use, MacDOS examines
the preceding characters in reversed order and stops when
it finds a quote or a space.
It then scans the current folder looking for matching names
of files or subfolders:
• If MacDOS does not find any match, it redisplays the
command unchanged.
• If MacDOS finds a single match, it completes the name
within the command line and redisplays the command.
• If MacDOS finds several matches, it lists them before
redisplaying the command unchanged. In any case, MacDOS
truncates the list of matches if it occupies more than
half of the console window. If the matches have in
common more characters than those typed by the user,
MacDOS extends the partial name before redisplaying the
command. This mechanism is particularly useful when
navigating hierarchies of folders, because it lets you
type the minimum number of characters needed to identify
any particular item.
Whenever MacDOS completes or extends a name and finds that
the name was not quoted, it inserts the opening quote
character.
Shift-TAB
When you type TAB while pressing the SHIFT key, MacDOS
interprets the preceding characters as part of an
abbreviation and attempts to replace it with a full string.
For a description of this feature, please refer to the
"Abbreviations" subsection of the "Customising MacDOS"
section.